republic of ireland area
In English, Jonathan Swift, often called the foremost satirist in the English language, gained fame for works such as Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal. In producing these reports, and in reviewing UK TNE, QAA seeks to liaise with local regulators and quality assurance agencies, and other UK sector bodies with relevant expertise. They were said to have given their name to the island. Most of the rest of the population adhere to one of the various Protestant denominations (about 48% of Northern Ireland). Both also referred to their respective teams as Ireland. Phytogeographically, Ireland belongs to the Atlantic European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. Ireland. Ireland’s area is 27,133 sq mi (70.273 sq km). [197] William Thomson, or Lord Kelvin, is the person whom the absolute temperature unit, the kelvin, is named after. Counties Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Tipperary have been broken up into smaller administrative areas. Ireland is a young country, by international standards, as he only gained independence from the United Kingdomin 1921, making him just under a century old. The Republic of Ireland is a member of the European Union while the United Kingdom is a former member, having both acceded to its precursor entity, the European Economic Community [EEC], in 1973, and as a consequence there is free movement of people, goods, services and capital across the border. When taking both into account, a study concluded that modern Celtic speakers in Ireland could be thought of as European "Atlantic Celts" showing a shared ancestry throughout the Atlantic zone from northern Iberia to western Scandinavia rather than substantially central European. To the west is the northern Atlantic Ocean and to the south is the Celtic Sea, which lies between Ireland and Brittany, in France. [215] The 2006 Ryder Cup was held at The K Club in County Kildare. "Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,000 or more persons: 1980" (PDF). Yet, for political and financial reasons Ireland has been too small to provide a living to many musicians, so the names of the better-known Irish composers of this time belong to emigrants. ", This page was last edited on 30 March 2021, at 13:20. Northern Ireland has produced two World Snooker Champions. Northern Ireland resulted from the division of the United Kingdom by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, and until 1972 was a self-governing jurisdiction within the United Kingdom with its own parliament and prime minister. [86][87], Large-scale emigration marked most of the post-WWII period (particularly during the 1950s and 1980s), but beginning in 1987 the economy improved, and the 1990s saw the beginning of substantial economic growth. The names Ireland and Éire derive from Old Irish Ériu, a goddess in Irish mythology first recorded in the ninth century. As with electricity, the natural gas distribution network is also now all-island, with a pipeline linking Gormanston, County Meath, and Ballyclare, County Antrim. Its capital is Belfast. Scuba diving is increasingly popular in Ireland with clear waters and large populations of sea life, particularly along the western seaboard. Shelta, the language of the nomadic Irish Travellers is native to Ireland.[184]. In 1166, Mac Murrough had fled to Anjou, France, following a war involving Tighearnán Ua Ruairc, of Breifne, and sought the assistance of the Angevin King Henry II, in recapturing his kingdom. Unionists, especially those located in Ulster, were strongly opposed to Home Rule, which they thought would be dominated by Catholic interests. The Assembly and power-sharing Executive were suspended several times but were restored again in 2007. Henry successfully re-imposed his authority over Strongbow and the Cambro-Norman warlords and persuaded many of the Irish kings to accept him as their overlord, an arrangement confirmed in the 1175 Treaty of Windsor. This period of growth became known as the Celtic Tiger. ], On 1 May 1169, an expedition of Cambro-Norman knights, with an army of about 600 men, landed at Bannow Strand in present-day County Wexford. The state was neutral during World War II, but offered clandestine assistance to the Allies, particularly in the potential defence of Northern Ireland. The Oireachtas (equivalent to the parliament) consists of the Dáil Éireann (the lower House) and the Seanad (the 'upper House'). For example, Armagh, with 14,590 is the seat of the Church of Ireland and the Roman Catholic Primate of All Ireland and was re-granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994 (having lost that status in local government reforms of 1840). "The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland", "Emmer Wheat: The Most Important Crop for Ireland's First Farmers. The high king was drawn from the ranks of the provincial kings and ruled also the royal kingdom of Meath, with a ceremonial capital at the Hill of Tara. [20][35] This conclusion is supported by recent research carried out by the geneticist David Reich, who says: “British and Irish skeletons from the Bronze Age that followed the Beaker period had at most 10 percent ancestry from the first farmers of these islands, with other 90 percent from people like those associated with the Bell Beaker culture in the Netherlands.” He suggests that it was Beaker users who introduced an Indo-European language, represented here by Celtic (i.e. in Belfast being Ireland's oldest club. In common with the rest of Europe, Ireland experienced unusually cold weather during the winter of 2010-11. Some have been converted into hotels, such as Ashford Castle, Castle Leslie and Dromoland Castle. In the 20th century, Ireland produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: George Bernard Shaw, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney. Northern Ireland, as part of the United Kingdom, was not neutral during the Second World War, and Belfast suffered four bombing raids in 1941. It has no formal powers but operates as a forum for discussing matters of common concern between the respective legislatures. [8], Geopolitically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially named Ireland), which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. In 2003 it represented 34% of total sports attendances at events in Ireland and abroad, followed by hurling at 23%, soccer at 16% and rugby at 8%. The winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples, and the poor summers severely damaged harvests. The main Gaeltacht areas are in the west, south-west and north-west. There were several unsuccessful attempts to end the Troubles politically, such as the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973. In 1998, following a ceasefire by the Provisional IRA and multi-party talks, the Good Friday Agreement was concluded as a treaty between the British and Irish governments, annexing the text agreed in the multi-party talks. Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament. Donegal Bay is shaped like a funnel and catches west/south-west Atlantic winds, creating good surf, especially in winter. [134] Significant stratiform lead-zinc mineralisation is found in the limestones around Silvermines and Tynagh. In broad terms, Ireland is regarded as one of the Celtic nations of Europe, alongside Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, Isle of Man and Brittany. Irish traditional music and dance has seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s. O'Connell spearheaded a vigorous campaign that was taken up by the Prime Minister, the Irish-born soldier and statesman, the Duke of Wellington. In Northern Ireland, English is the de facto official language, but official recognition is afforded to Irish, including specific protective measures under Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The game has been played in an organised fashion in Ireland since the 1870s, with Cliftonville F.C. Extinct species include the Irish elk, the great auk, brown bear and the wolf. In the monastic culture that followed the Christianisation of Ireland, Latin and Greek learning was preserved in Ireland during the Early Middle Ages in contrast to elsewhere in Western Europe, where the Dark Ages followed the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. The earlier names, in contrast, were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made. Dublin, with over 1 million residents in the Greater Dublin Area, is the largest city on the island. Democratic Republic of the Congo; Thailand; France; United Kingdom; Italy; Myanmar; South Africa; South Korea; Colombia; Spain; Ukraine; Tanzania; All countries in the world; Country Codes . There are four professional Irish teams; all four play in the Pro14 and at least three compete for the Heineken Cup. The island's lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall, earns it the sobriquet the Emerald Isle. The highest of these is Carrauntoohil (Irish: Corrán Tuathail) in County Kerry, which rises to 1,038 m (3,406 ft) above sea level. [169] As of 2013[update], there were 40 million Irish-Americans[170] and 33 million Americans who claimed Irish ancestry. [90] Historian R. F. Foster argues the cause was a combination of a new sense of initiative and the entry of American corporations. Historical linguists are skeptical that this method alone could account for the absorption of Celtic language, with some saying that an assumed processional view of Celtic linguistic formation is 'an especially hazardous exercise'. [32][33] Genetic lineage investigation into the area of Celtic migration to Ireland has led to findings that showed no significant differences in mitochondrial DNA between Ireland and large areas of continental Europe, in contrast to parts of the Y-chromosome pattern. Porter remains very popular, although it has lost sales since the mid-20th century to lager. Support for Irish republicanism increased further due to the ongoing war in Europe, as well as the Conscription Crisis of 1918. This theory draws on the Lebor Gabála Érenn, a medieval Christian pseudo-history of Ireland, along with the presence of Celtic culture, language and artifacts found in Ireland such as Celtic bronze spears, shields, torcs and other finely crafted Celtic associated possessions. The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. However, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. [12] The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate,[13] and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe. Area (km²) Density (/ km²) Traditional Province; 1 Cork: 7,500: 72.3 Munster 2 Galway: … The German intelligence was also active in Ireland. In the aftermath of the famine, an increase in industrial production and a surge in trade brought a succession of construction booms. This page was last changed on 24 January 2021, at 12:29. Repeated invasions and "plantations" disrupted land-ownership, and multiple failed uprisings also contributed to repeated phases of deportation and of emigration. [9] In the Republic, about 389,356 hectares (3,893.56 km2) is owned by the state, mainly by the forestry service Coillte. Supplies come from the Corrib Gas Field, off the coast of County Mayo, with a decreasing supply coming from the Kinsale gas field off the County Cork coast. It is home to hundreds of plant species, some of them unique to the island, and has been "invaded" by some grasses, such as Spartina anglica. Ireland has made a large contribution to world literature in all its branches, both in Irish and English. [47][48][page needed], The arts of manuscript illumination, metalworking and sculpture flourished and produced treasures such as the Book of Kells, ornate jewellery and the many carved stone crosses[49] that still dot the island today. [12] Some species, such as, the red fox, hedgehog and badger, are very common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer and pine marten are less so. In the middle years of the 20th century, as Irish society was modernising, traditional music had fallen out of favour, especially in urban areas. The Republic of Ireland endured a hard-fought birth. A similar genetic replacement happened with lineages in mitochondrial DNA. [202] Soccer is the most widely played team game on the island and the most popular in Northern Ireland.[201][203]. For this reason, pork and white meat were more common than beef, and thick fatty strips of salted bacon (known as rashers) and the eating of salted butter (i.e. Irela… Republic of Ireland Region. Though the climate and soil favoured certain forms of agriculture,[123] trade barriers frequently hobbled its development. He wanted to re-exert royal authority over the invasion which was expanding beyond his control. Irish rugby has become increasingly competitive at both the international and provincial levels since the sport went professional in 1994. In 1969, the paramilitary Provisional IRA, which favoured the creation of a united Ireland, emerged from a split in the Irish Republican Army and began a campaign against what it called the "British occupation of the six counties". [23], The earliest written records of Ireland come from classical Greco-Roman geographers. In 1171, Henry arrived in Ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition. The playwright and poet Oscar Wilde, noted for his epigrams, was born in Ireland. Over the past 1,200 years, Vikings, Normans, Welsh, Flemings, Scots, English, Africans, Eastern Europeans and South Americans have all added to the population and have had significant influences on Irish culture. In the former County Dublin live 1.418 million people (= 28.5%) at the same time. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, and was extended during the 18th century. The other sixth is called Northern Ireland, which is still part of the United Kingdom. This control was consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the 17th century, including the English and Scottish colonisation in the Plantations of Ireland, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Williamite War. [121] Research and development in renewable energy (such as wind power) has increased since 2004. The North/South Ministerial Council is an institution through which ministers from the Government of Ireland and the Northern Ireland Executive agree all-island policies. Ptolemy in his Almagest refers to Ireland as Mikra Brettania ("Little Britain"), in contrast to the larger island, which he called Megale Brettania ("Great Britain"). Not just a venue. Country occupying most of the island of Ireland, nw Europe. However, by far the greater cause of population decline was the dire economic state of the country which led to an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century. The British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference provides for co-operation between the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom on all matters of mutual interest, especially Northern Ireland. This was to produce a number of notable writers, including Máirtín Ó Cadhain, Máire Mhac an tSaoi and others. Golf is very popular, and golf tourism is a major industry attracting more than 240,000 golfing visitors annually. He had mathematician John Nash as one of his students. Contemporary Irish visual artists of note include Sean Scully, Kevin Abosch, and Alice Maher. [24][25][26][27] This contrasts with the traditional view that their origin lies in mainland Europe with the Hallstatt culture. [157] The island has a small Jewish community. The Ulster plantations gave it a permanent foothold in Ulster, and it remained the official and upper-class language elsewhere, the Irish-speaking chieftains and nobility having been deposed. How can this be increased? Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. City status in Ireland is decided by legislative or royal charter. Salient events in the economic history of Ireland include: Ireland is located in the north-west of Europe, between latitudes 51° and 56° N, and longitudes 11° and 5° W. It is separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea and the North Channel, which has a width of 23 kilometres (14 mi)[125] at its narrowest point. Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ (listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] (listen); Ulster-Scots: Airlann [ˈɑːrlən]) is an island in the North Atlantic. Ireland is now one of the least forested countries in Europe. [231] In 1953, an Irish government survey, found that 50% of whiskey drinkers in the United States had never heard of Irish whiskey.[232]. EirGrid has started building a HVDC transmission line between Ireland and Great Britain with a capacity of 500 MW,[117] about 10% of Ireland's peak demand. Under the emerging Penal Laws, Irish Roman Catholics and Dissenters were increasingly deprived of various and sundry civil rights even to the ownership of hereditary property. The title of King of Ireland was re-created in 1542 by Henry VIII, the then King of England, of the Tudor dynasty. In 2010, Graeme McDowell became the first Irish golfer to win the U.S. Open, and the first European to win that tournament since 1970. Across southeast Ulster and extending southwest to Longford and south to Navan is a province of Ordovician and Silurian rocks, with similarities to the Southern Uplands province of Scotland. As of 2016, 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland, and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.[5]. Destination Ireland, a Nations Online Project country profile of the Republic of Ireland, the sovereign state on the island of Ireland. The head of State, the President, is elected for seven years by the adult citizens. Over 3,600 deaths resulted over the subsequent three decades of conflict. These were a set of laws designed to prevent the assimilation of the Normans into Irish society by requiring English subjects in Ireland to speak English, follow English customs and abide by English law. It is a popular tourist destination for surfing and contains 5 Blue Flag beaches and Croaghaun one of the worlds highest sea cliffs. The island fields a single international team in most sports. Irish-language publishers such as Coiscéim and Cló Iar-Chonnacht continue to produce scores of titles every year. While salmon and trout fishing remain popular with anglers, salmon fishing in particular received a boost in 2006 with the closing of the salmon driftnet fishery. Ireland is a home of for 4.75 million people. [16] Later, around 6000 BC, Great Britain became separated from continental Europe. More than one million people died from starvation and disease, with an additional million people emigrating during the famine, mostly to the United States and Canada. [110] Several other places are on the tentative list, for example the Burren, the Ceide Fields[111] and Mount Stewart. The total number of species is 574[149] The island has been invaded by some algae, some of which are now well established.[150]. Before it could be implemented, however, the Act was suspended for the duration of the First World War. [148], The algal and seaweed flora is that of the cold-temperate variety. They are to be found in Donegal, Mayo, Galway, western Cork and Kerry with smaller Gaeltacht areas near Dungarvan in Waterford, Navan in Meath. Following the 12th century Anglo-Norman invasion, England claimed sovereignty. [189] A comparable writer in Irish is Máirtín Ó Cadhain, whose novel Cré na Cille is regarded as a modernist masterpiece and has been translated into several languages. In the 19th century, public concerts provided access to classical music to all classes of society. The traditionally high levels of religiosity have sharply declined. According to contemporary documents and historical analysis, this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery, with funding provided by the British Secret Service Office, and the awarding of peerages, places and honours to secure votes. As part of the Good Friday Agreement, the British and Irish governments agreed on the creation of all-island institutions and areas of cooperation. [138] This is a result of the moderating moist winds which ordinarily prevail from the southwestern Atlantic. It declined under British rule but remained the majority tongue until the early 19th century, and since then has been a minority language. [82], The pro-independence republican party, Sinn Féin, received overwhelming endorsement in the general election of 1918, and in 1919 proclaimed an Irish Republic, setting up its own parliament (Dáil Éireann) and government. By 16,000 BC, rising sea levels caused by ice melting caused Ireland to become separated from Great Britain. [234], This article is about the island in Europe. [81], Their formation was followed in 1914 by the establishment of the Irish Volunteers, whose aim was to ensure that the Home Rule Bill was passed. It gave Ireland complete independence in its home affairs and practical independence for foreign policy, but an opt-out clause allowed Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom, which (as expected) it immediately exercised. The second-largest island of the British Isles lies west of Great Britain. In 2000, it was the sixth-richest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita. Language shift during the 19th century replaced Irish with English as the first language for a vast majority of the population.[181]. In cities, heat is generally supplied by natural gas or heating oil, although some urban suppliers distribute sods of turf as "smokeless fuel" for domestic use. Later in the century, Charles Stewart Parnell and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union, or "Home Rule". Ireland facts for kids The Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland voted largely along sectarian lines, meaning that the government of Northern Ireland (elected by "first-past-the-post" from 1929) was controlled by the Ulster Unionist Party. Aside from the development of the linen industry, Ireland was largely passed over by the industrial revolution, partly because it lacked coal and iron resources[71][72] and partly because of the impact of the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of England,[73] which saw Ireland as a source of agricultural produce and capital.[74][75]. [194] However during the 1960s, there was a revival of interest in Irish traditional music led by groups such as The Dubliners, The Chieftains, The Wolfe Tones, the Clancy Brothers, Sweeney's Men and individuals like Seán Ó Riada and Christy Moore. The situation in Northern Ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies not supplying Northern Ireland Electricity with enough power. The UK, for the purposes of the Common Travel Area, covers England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. [98] The government's reaction to confrontations was seen to be one-sided and heavy-handed in favour of unionists. The republic of Ireland occupies the greater part of an island lying to the west of Great Britain, from which it is separated—at distances ranging from 11 to 120 miles (18 to 193 km)—by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St. George’s Channel. For example, whilst from the Middle Ages until the arrival of the potato in the 16th century the dominant feature of the Irish economy was the herding of cattle, the number of cattle a person owned was equated to their social standing. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, an independent state, and Northern Ireland (a constituent country of the United Kingdom). [154], Forested areas typically consist of monoculture plantations of non-native species, which may result in habitats that are not suitable for supporting native species of invertebrates.